Linux Audio
I am a huge fan and a fairly chunky advocate of the Linux OS. Free, versatile, completely customizable, and free. I have learned how to set up a Linux system for real-time audio, which involves recompiling the operating system's kernel, something that can't be done with Windows. And free. I use Debian GNU/Linux:
Debian
With a newer 2.6.22 kernel:
Kernel.org
(Maybe not so new now, but it's what I use)
patched with Ingo Molnar's realtime patch (Ingo Molnar, super genius):
RT patch
the JACK Audio Connection Kit:
JACK
Rosegarden:
Rosegarden
emacs (for text editing):
GNU emacs
Pure Data dataflow programming language:
Pure Data
and most of all Csound:
Csounds!
Some very useful information for doing what I have done:
Florian Schmidt - Linux audio guru
More to come! I don't have much to offer in the way of new info on Linux audio, but I can tell you that if you take computers or computer music seriously, the time you spend learning about this system will be a worthwhile investment. And if you're like me, the hard drives you accidentally destroy and the systems you crash before you figure out how it works will be a small price to pay...